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城市住房政策失灵:巴西的历程及其启示(4)

核心提示: 城市住房问题需要国家干预,但干预政策也会有失灵风险,巴西的经验鲜明地体现了这一点。虽然在城市化各阶段,面对城市住房问题,巴西分别采取了有针对性的住房卫生政策、住房公共政策、乃至住房社会政策,但住房政策失灵现象一直都比较严重。巴西住房政策干预之所以长期失灵,根本原因在于其建国以来一直存在的经济、政治和国际等方面的“三座大山”。巴西个案对中国城镇化及解决住房问题有着重要的启示。

四、结论

城市化必然带来住房问题,并要求国家针对特定时期的具体状况加以有针对性的干预。不过,国家自身却可能失灵。在巴西,从早期城市化阶段开始,非正规的自建房和贫民区等就是巴西城市人口满足住房需要的重要方式,而国家也采取了一定的住房政策干预行动,如早期城市化阶段的住房卫生政策,中期城市化阶段的城市规划政策,以及晚期城市化阶段的住房社会政策;不过,在每个阶段,这些政策总体上都是严重失灵的。直到今天,巴西城市贫民区和非正规住房都远未根除。巴西城市住房政策失灵的原因,归根结底在于巴西建国之时已经确立、而在整个城市化进程中不断得到了再生产的“三座大山”传统。实际上,国外势力对国内的操纵、国内政治与经济精英(包括大土地所有者)对国外势力的依赖、国家精英构成的非现代性难免限制政府能力、造成政府失灵和对公民权利的重视程度的不足,并进而抑制住房政策对强化贫民区和非正规住房现象的干预效果。特别地,本研究还表明,如果1889年取消奴隶制作为巴西城市化的开始,一直截止到今天(2012年),其住房政策失灵的时间,至少长达113年。这表明,“三座大山”这一历史因素的影响是极其深远的。

巴西城市住房问题及其干预中的住房政策失灵,在一定程度上也能反映其他发展中国家特别是拉美国家的情况。中国同为发展中国家,正在推进城市化,面临着各种各样的住房问题,并且国家正在开展的住房政策干预,甚至存在总体失灵的可能。分析中国这一失灵的具体原因,不是本文的任务;不过,结合巴西的个案研究结果,却也可以指出相关的启示。亦即,要避免总体性的住房政策失灵,谋求国家的政治和经济独立是一个必要条件;加强法治和形成精英与大众间的利益共生格局,则是另一必要条件。中国在前一个方面的条件已经具备,而在后一个方面还不完全具备。以后,要加强法治建设、保障住房领域中的公民资格,并加强收入分配的顶层设计和对经济发展果实的真正共享,才能根除城市住房政策失灵的深层根源;否则,现有城市住房问题,还将持续好几代人的时间。

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