五、结论
印度的战略文化同战略选择、安全行为之间有着很强的相关性。攻防取向兼备的印度战略文化构成了战略决策和安全行为的社会—文化场，它虽不能导致“有A则B”的逻辑结果，但却扮演着框定印度战略选择范围和国际行为方式的角色。作为一种信仰和观念体系，战略文化“为探索导致行为动机的基本价值提供了一些线索。这些路标是不可忽视的，更重要的是它在把行为指引向特定路线上的作用”。[41]印度的战略文化正是以塑造战略社团和决策者赖以生存的政治文化生态和利益认知环境作用于战略选择和安全行为的。
[1] George K. Tanham, Indian Strategic Thought: An Interpretive Essay, R-4207-USDF, Rand, 1992, pp. 51-52.
[2]重商主义的，前沿的扩张，帝国官僚的，革命性的技术专家，掠夺的或掠夺。 Rodney W. Jones, India’s Strategic Culture, Defense Threat Reduction Agency先进的系统和概念办事处 Advanced Systems and Concepts Office:比较战略文化课程 合约编号：DTRA01-03-D-0017，技术指导18-06-02 Contract No. DTRA01-03-D-0017, Technical Instruction 18-06-02.
[3] Harjeet Singh, India’s Strategic Culture: The Impact of Geography, New Delhi: Knowledge World Publisher PVT Ltd., 2009, p. 2.
[4] Harjeet Singh, India’s Strategic Culture: The Impact of Geography, New Delhi: Knowledge World Publisher PVT Ltd., 2009, p. 24.
[5] Gautam Das, “George Tanham’s Views of Indian Strategic Thought: An Interpretation,” Scholar Warrior, Spring 2011, pp. 9-10.
[6] Kanti Bajpai, India’s Strategic Culture, in Kanti P. Bajpai and Amitabh Mattoo (eds), Securing India: Strategic Thought and Practice, New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1996, pp. 246-48.
[7] Jaswant Singh, Defending India, New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1999, Introduction (by K. Subrahmanyam) and Chapter one “Strategic Culture”.
[8] Michael Krepon, “Indian Strategic Culture,” July 21, 2010, http://krepon.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2820/indian-strategic-culture.
[9] 杰弗里‧拉格罗（Jeffrey Legro）认为：作为干预变量的战略文化同非文化因素一样是可变的，因为文化是根植于现实的经验，而非如早期研究者所说的那样深深地根植于历史惯例和传统中。见Jeffrey W. Legro, Cooperation under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint during World War II (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995)。伊丽莎白‧科尔（Elizabeth Kier）把军事政治文化视为不断变化的国内政治环境的产物，内部政治环境变化必然导致军事政治文化的变迁。见Elizabeth Kier, Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between the Wars (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995)。显然，拉格罗和科尔的战略文化定义已经远离了传统文化观，即“战略文化是历史经验的产物，不同国家因历史经验上的差异展现出不同的战略文化”。见Bradley S. Klein, “Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defense Politics,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2 (April 1988), p. 136。
[10] Alastair Iain Johnston36。, “Thinking about Strategic Culture,” International Security, vol. 19, No.4 (Spring 1995), pp. 46-48.
[11] John Duffield, World Power Forsaken, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998, p. 71.
[12] Valerie Hudson, Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory, Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, pp. 28-29.
[13] Alexander L. George, “The Operational Code: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision Making,” International Studies Quarterly, 1969, Vol. 13, pp. 190-222.
[14] “曼荼罗”（Mandala）是孔雀王朝时代形成的一种地缘战略思想，其基本假设是在某一地理空间内的若干国家共同组成一种区域无政府社会——曼荼罗体系。对于某一国家的安全而言，距离最近的邻国最有可能构成现实或潜在的威胁，同该邻国相邻的另一个国家则可能成为盟友；依次外推延展，紧邻盟友的国家就可能是非友好国家或战略对手的盟国，再接着又是友好国家或友好国家的盟国……这样形成一个战略盟友和对手层层叠加的地缘战略圈。在“曼荼罗”战略思维中，邻国被假定为现实或潜在的安全威胁。
[15] Michael Krepon, “Indian Strategic Culture,” July 21, 2010, http://krepon.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2820/indian-strategic-culture.
[16] Gautam Das, “George Tanham’s Views of Indian Strategic Thought: An Interpretation,” Scholar Warrior, Spring 2011, p. 3.
[17] B. Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls, London: Jonathan Cape, 1971, p. 227.
[18] John Keay, India: A History from the Earliest Civilizations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century, New York: Grove Press, 2010, p. 345.
[19] Domingo Paes, Narrative of a Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), London: Swan Sonnen schein, 1900, Reprinted by Asian Education Services (New Delhi), 1980, pp. 246-247.
[20] John Keay, India: A History from the Earliest Civilizations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century, New York: Grove Press, 2010, p. 305.
[21] R. C. Mujumdar et al., An Advanced History of India, London: Macmillan, 1977. p. 366.
[22] George K. Tanham, Indian Strategic Thought: An Interpretive Essay, R-4207-USDF, Rand, 1992, p.104.
[23] G. S. Sardesai, “Shivaji”, in HCIP, vol. 7, The Moghul Empire, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1974, p. 246.
[24] Sri Aurobindo, The Foundations of Indian Culture, Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, 1959, pp. 2-3.
[25] Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, The Supreme Spiritual Ideal, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 368.
[26] K. Subrahmanyam, “Evolution of Indian Defense Policy 1947-1964,” in A History of the Congress Party, Delhi: AICC and Vikas Publishing House, 1990.
[27] 学术界一直对阿育王柱所载内容的真实性有不同看法。批评者认为：孔雀王朝仅仅是北印度地区的一个主导者，其周边很多卫星国从没有停止过武力斗争，这反证了阿育王放弃武力系不实之说。见 John Keay,India: A History from the Earliest Civilizations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Centurypp, pp. 8-9。
[28] Shivshankar Menon, “K. Subrahmanyam and India’s Strategic Culture,” addressed at Subbu Forum Memorial Lecture, 19 January 2012.由梅 农
[29] Rodney W. Jones, India’s Strategic Culture, Defense Threat Reduction Agency先进的系统和概念办事处 Advanced Systems and Concepts Office:比较战略文化课程 合约编号：DTRA01-03-D-0017，技术指导18-06-02 Contract No. DTRA01-03-D-0017, Technical Instruction 18-06-02.
[30] Raja Ramanna, Years of Pilgrimage, New Delhi: Viking, 1991, p. 92.
[31] Jaswant Singh, Defending India, Jaswant Singh, Defending India, New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1999, p. 330.
[32] Jaswant Singh, Defending India, Jaswant Singh, Defending India, New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 1999, p. 19.
[33] George J. Gilboy and Eric Heginbotham, “Double Trouble: A Realist View of Chinese and Indian Power,” The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2013, p. 135.
[34] Government of India, Indian Army Doctrine, Part I (Simla: Headquarters Army Training Command, October 22, 2004), Section 11:4.8 & 4.9, http://pksoi.army.mil/doctrine_concepts/documents/INDIA.
[35] Ministry of Defense [Navy], Freedom to Use the Sea: India’s Maritime Military Strategy, New Delhi: Integrated Headquarters, May 2007.
[36] Taylor Fraval, Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China’s Territorial Dispute, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
[37] Yeshi Choedon, “Politics and Diplomacy in the UN,” in G. P. Geshpande and Alka Acharya eds., 50 Years of India and China: Crossing a Bridge of Dreams, New Delhi: Tulika, 2000. p. 469.
[38] “The Prime Minister’s Statement That Non-alignment Does not Mean Isolation from the Rest of the World, on 22 March 1948,” in A. Appadorai ed., Select Documents on India’s Foreign Policy and Relations 1947-1972, Vol.1, London: Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 14.
[39] K. Subrahmanyam, “Evolution of Indian Defense Policy 1947-1964,” in A History of the Congress Party, Delhi: AICC and Vikas Publishing House, 1990.
[40] 苏布拉马尼亚姆在贾斯万特·辛格的《为印度辩护》一书序言中对印度战略思想的评价。见Jaswant Singh, Defending India, Introduction。
[41] K·默顿：《科学社会学》，鲁旭东译，上海：人民出版社，2001年，第321页。
