稳妥实施国际金融监管新标准,提升我国金融体系稳健性。实施新的国际标准是进一步提升我国在国际金融监管改革中发言权的基础,但新监管标准在国内落地实施,必须充分考虑我国经济发展进入新常态的新特征以及我国金融业的结构性特点,秉持“实质重于形式”的原则,兼顾统一性与灵活性。稳妥实施国际金融监管新标准,关键在于实施具有差异化的分类监管。差异化的分类监管可以有几个依据:一是金融机构的系统重要性及国际活跃程度。对于广泛参与国际业务的大型国际化金融机构应按照国际标准实施高水平、更密集的监管,这一方面有助于降低大型金融机构进入国际市场的门槛,另一方面能增强其应对业务复杂性潜在风险的能力;而对于业务集中于国内、主要从事传统业务的中小金融机构,则适宜采用简单、有效的监管规则,降低金融机构的合规成本。二是金融机构的风险管控能力与自我约束能力。对于已经建立了较为完善的公司治理机制、风险管理能力强的金融机构,可以减少监管干预或限制;而对于风险偏好激进、内部风险评估和管理较弱的金融机构,应加强监督检查甚至提高监管要求,限制其非理性扩张。三是实体经济的薄弱环节。对于小微企业、产业升级等需要政策扶持的经济领域相关业务,金融监管应在规范风险管理的基础上,在制度上给予支持。而对于产能过剩的行业,或者运作链条长、结构复杂的业务,应采取更加审慎的监管态度,通过强化监管要求,抑制那些为追逐短期回报而脱离实体经济需求的自我金融创新、自我循环和自我膨胀行为。
不断完善金融监管体制,增强金融监管有效性。金融发展史表明,金融监管的有效性不取决于“谁来监管”,而取决于“如何监管”。单纯的监管组织机构改变并不能代替深层次的改革。监管理念、监管制度、监管技术和监管模式的变革才是深层次的根本性改革。欧美国家金融监管权力重新配置的最终效果还有待于检验。在金融监管体制改革的问题上,核心是监管模式与金融业发展状况相匹配。本次金融危机打破了金融业混业经营的大趋势,暴露了综合经营的各种弊端。混业经营导致各类金融之间的风险相互渗透,扩大了系统性风险,增加了监管的难度,可能并非金融业发展的最优模式。现阶段“一行三会”分业监管模式总体上符合我国国情,有利于金融监管专业化,有利于防止不同政策目标的冲突。根据目前国内金融市场发育水平,应在分业监管的基础上,加强不同监管部门之间的协调,比较合理的模式是在国务院层面建立金融监管协调机制,填补监管真空,防止监管套利;不同政府部门之间建立信息分享机制,及早识别系统性风险,加强宏观审慎监管,保证监管政策、财政政策、货币政策和产业政策之间的协调配合,防范区域性和系统性金融风险。
参考文献
王兆星,2014,《后危机时代国际金融改革探索》,北京:中国金融出版社。
王胜邦,2013,《国际金融危机与国际金融监管改革》,北京:中国金融出版社。
Haldane, Andrew G, 2014, Managing global finance as a system, Speech at the Maxwell Fry Annual Global Finance Lecture, at Birmingham University, 29 October;Rosenau, James N, 1992, Governance without Government, Cambridge University Press.
New Changes in the Global Financial Regulation in the Post-Crisis Era
Wang Shengbang Yu Liang
Abstract: The financial crisis is an extreme form of the financial system's vulnerability, and all previous financial crises have helped to promote the reform of the financial regulation system and relevant technological progress. Since the global financial crisis in 2008, the global financial regulatory framework has undergone a few significant changes: first, G20 steers the global financial regulatory reform; second, FSB becomes an important coordination platform for the global financial regulatory reform; and third, the position of BCBS in the global financial regulatory agencies has been greatly improved. There have also appeared some new trends concerning the concept, mode and mechanism of financial regulation, including the changes in the financial supervision ideas, the widespread attention paid to the "life and death" of financial institutions, the significantly tightened financial regulation, and the power reorganization concerning financial regulation. With the improved internationalization of Chinese banks, China also faces higher external pressure and has stronger internal motivation for participating in global financial governance and regulatory reform, which requires us to have a profound understanding of the difficulties and complexity of the international financial system and develop a clear strategy, so as to gain new opportunities in the future global competition.
Keywords: post-crisis era, financial crisis, financial regulation, the Financial Stability Board (FSB), financial system reform
王胜邦,中国银监会审慎规制局副局长,巴塞尔银行监管委员会政策制定工作组成员。研究方向为国际金融监管改革。主要著作有《商业银行资本约束与信贷扩张》《新资本协议:信用风险建模、计量和验证》《全球金融危机与金融监管改革》等。俞靓,中国银监会审慎规制局研究员,巴塞尔委员会风险计量工作组成员。