余 论
宏观地说,民国时期国民政府管理大学依赖的主要是两个法宝——法律和经费。在这一框架内,校长们有较大的发挥空间——他们几乎都是体制内积极而勇敢的探索者。回望当年,民国时期的著名大学校长自成一家,各有千秋,风云际会,相得益彰。掩卷深思,自主性大、多元化强、自洽度高等这样几个特点就会比较清晰地呈现在读者面前。一是自主性大。民国时期的教育、尤其是高等教育的法律法规比较完备而稳定,校长们依法治校的空间十分广阔。作为大学的掌门人,他们拥有较大的自主性,可以按照自己的办学思想治理学校。二是多元化。当年的办学思想十分宏富,有思想、合实际、讲真话,是成为著名教育家的三大条件。这也成就了当年多元发展、群雄并起的局面。三是自洽度高。这些校长几乎都是学贯中西、文理兼修的大家,是中国传统文化孕育与西方科技新知滋润起来的教育家。他们不仅具有系统的教育思想、骄人的办学实践、清晰的经营思路和丰厚的社会资本,而且是把自己的办学理念自然而然地转变为合乎本校实际的治校方略,并且一以贯之予以执行,具有高度的自洽性。元化强、自洽度高等这样几个特点就会比较清晰地呈现在读者面前。一是自主性大。民国时期的教育、尤其是高等教育的法律法规比较完备而稳定,校长们依法治校的空间十分广阔。作为大学的掌门人,他们拥有较大的自主性,可以按照自己的办学思想治理学校。二是多元化。当年的办学思想十分宏富,有思想、合实际、讲真话,是成为著名教育家的三大条件。这也成就了当年多元发展、群雄并起的局面。三是自洽度高。这些校长几乎都是学贯中西、文理兼修的大家,是中国传统文化孕育与西方科技新知滋润起来的教育家。他们不仅具有系统的教育思想、骄人的办学实践、清晰的经营思路和丰厚的社会资本,而且是把自己的办学理念自然而然地转变为合乎本校实际的治校方略,并且一以贯之予以执行,具有高度的自洽性。
(本文系国家社科基金教育学一般项目“中国著名大学校长办学之道研究”阶段性成果,项目编号:BIA090045)
On the Talent Strategy of Large Countries
—The "Four Doctrines" in the Development of First-class Universities in the Republic of China
Wang Yunlai
Abstract: During the period of the Republic of China, the national government relied mainly on two magic weapons to manage the universities—law and funds. In this framework, the presidents had a large role to play. Though the educational philosophy and school managing strategy of the famous university presidents in this period are not the same, and some even contradict each other, they are well-grounded and represent the presidents' own unique thought in this regard, and truly reflect the autonomy in university running and diversification of the presidents’ educational ideas. The universities at that time also showed strong momentum in becoming world first-class university. Looking back, the "four doctrines" were clearly included in the educational philosophy at that time. For the doctrine of educating people, stress is put on specialty, general learning, and balancing; for the doctrine of research, stress is put on learning, techniques, and results; for the doctrine of service, stress is put on usefulness, training and promotion; for the doctrine of culture, stress is put on communications, change, and leadership.
Keywords: period of the Republic of China, first-class universities, thinkers, talent education, Chinese culture
王运来,南京大学教育研究院院长、教授、博导,中国高等教育学会校史研究分会副理事长。研究方向为高等教育史、高等教育管理、中国教会大学史、高等教育近代化。主要著作有《江苏高等教育的早期现代化》《南京大学史》等。