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15自2010年议会选举后，匈牙利国会规模从386席削减为199席。
16Givens, Terri E., Voting radical right in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp.139-149.
17Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan Mcdonnell, Twenty-first Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
18Harvey G. Simmons, The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge to Democracy, San Francisco: Westview, 1996, p.79.
19http://www.businessinsider.com/european-nationalism-risk-2015-9.
20A speech made by Max Frisch on the topic of immigration at a Swiss Border patrol police station in Lucerne, first published in the Swiss newspaper Die Weltwoche on September 9, 1966.
21Donatella della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany , Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 173-174..
22罗爱玲：《存在与冲突——试论穆斯林移民对欧洲政治与社会的影响》，《世界民族》，2009年第3期。
23Susan McVie and Susan Wiltshire, "Experience of Discrimination, Social Marginalisation and Violence: A Comparative Study of Muslim and Non-Muslim Youth in Three EU Member States", European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, December 2014.
24Maykel Verkuyten and Ali Aslan Yildiz, "National (Dis) identification and Ethnic and Religious Identity: A Study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol.33, No.10, 2007, p.1446.
25Power, Jonathan, Migrant Workers in Western Europe and the United States, Pergamon, pp45-46.
26新加坡《联合早报》，2016年5月4日。
27http://www.oushinet.com/news/europe/eu/20150115/179379.html.
28观察者网：《科隆性侵案引发民众恐慌 德国右翼势力趁机发展壮大》，2016年1月8日，http://www.guancha.cn/europe/2016_01_08_347383_1.shtml。
29刘力达：《驱逐罗姆女孩：法国政治的右转与欧盟干预效力的弱化》，《中国民族报》，2013年11月8日。Reinhard Heinisch, "Success in Opposition-failure in Government: Explaining the Performance of Right-wing Populist Parties in Public Office", West European Politics, Vol.126, No.3, 2003, pp.103-109。
Study on the Trend of European Political and Social Polarization under Multiple Crises
Shi Zhiqin
Abstract: In recent years, the Brexit, the Italian Constitutional referendum and the rise of many populist political parties have resulted in increased uncertainty in Europe. These events sparked heated discussions among scholars on European social contradictions, political and social polarization, and immigration policies. In the context of the weak economic recovery and the influx of Muslim refugees, European political and social crises are superimposed and crises are intertwined, people are increasingly dissatisfied with the government and the ruling mainstream parties, so that the extremist forces have taken advantage of this to emerge and try to attract people's attention and even get their support by showing a radical leftist and extreme rightist stance, causing the polarization of the left and right wings in the current Europe: on the one hand, the radical left-wing party and the public movement and social trends under its influence have grown; on the other hand, the rise of extreme right-wing parties and related social forces have brought more far-reaching shocks and impact to the European society; under the attack of the left and right wings, the mainstream parties seem to have lost sense of direction, uncertainty is further deepened in Europe.
Keywords: political party polarization, left wing radicalization, right wing extremism, social movement, European crisis
